Initial in-hospital heart rate is associated with long-term survival in patients with acute ischemic stroke

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Flowchart of patient selection

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  Fig. 2. Forest plots of crude and adjusted hazard ratios (95% CIs) of the primary outcome (all-cause mortality) and secondary outcome (cardiovascular death) by mean initial in-hospital heart rate increments. The analyses were adjusted for age and estimated National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score in model 1, and all of the variables in the fully adjusted model (model 2), including age, sex, estimated National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, atrial fibrillation, congestive heart failure, cancer before admission, smoking status, beta blocking agent, body mass index, total cholesterol, triglycerides, chronic kidney disease stage, alanine aminotransferase, glycated hemoglobin, mean systolic blood pressure, and mean diastolic blood pressure. N number; HR hazard ratio; CI confidence interval; bpm beats per minute

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  Fig. 3. Restricted cubic splines are represented for the associations between mean initial in-hospital heart rate levels and study outcomes (all-cause mortality and cardiovascular death). The analyses were adjusted for all of the variables in the fully adjusted model, including age, sex, estimated National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, atrial fibrillation, congestive heart failure, cancer before admission, smoking status, beta blocking agent, body mass index, total cholesterol, triglycerides, chronic kidney disease stage, alanine aminotransferase, glycated hemoglobin, mean systolic blood pressure, and mean diastolic blood pressure

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  Fig. 4. Subgroup analyses of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular death per standard deviation (10.8 beats per minute) of heart rate increment. eNIHSS estimated National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; CKD chronic kidney disease; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; SBP systolic blood pressure; HR hazard ratio; CI confidence interval; SD standard deviation