Phenotype of SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cells in COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome

COVID-19 is associated with lymphopenia and ‘cytokine storm’, but no information is available on specific cellular immune responses to SARS-CoV-2. Here, we characterized SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4 + and CD8 + T-cells in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. The spike protein (S) proved a potent T-cell antigen and specific T-cells predominantly produced Th1 cytokines. These novel data are important in vaccine design and will facilitate evaluation of vaccine candidate immunogenicity.