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Chronology of isolated perfused heart models established; leaves open refinements for modern translational research.
In 1866, Carl Ludwig together with Elias Cyon created the first isolated perfused frog heart preparation. Perfusion systems for the isolated mammalian heart were developed by H. Newell Martin in 1883 and by Oscar Langendorff in 1895. In its working mode, the isolated perfused rat heart was established in the 1960s.
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Heinz‐Gerd Zimmer (1998) studied this question.
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