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A meta-analytic review of 17 studies examining sex differences in leadership indicates that male and female leaders exhibit equal amounts of initiating structure and consideration and have equally satisfied subordinates. Male leaders are rated as more effective than female leaders, but only in laboratory settings. A moratorium on research comparing male and female leaders on measures of initiating structure, consideration, subordinate satisfaction, and effectiveness is proposed.
Dobbins et al. (Wed,) studied this question.