Effects of dynamic resistance training on blood pressure across different baseline levels: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Figures

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  Figure 1. Literature screening process.

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  Figure 2. Ridge plot of meta-analysis on the effect of dynamic resistance training on systolic blood pressure. Left: included individual studies; Right: corresponding study effect sizes (MD) and 95% confidence intervals. Orange areas: effect size distribution and weight proportion of individual studies; red area at bottom: pooled overall effect size from the random-effects model.

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  Figure 3. Ridge plot of meta-analysis on the effect of dynamic resistance training on diastolic blood pressure. Left: included individual studies; Right: corresponding study effect sizes (MD) and 95% confidence intervals. Light blue areas: effect size distribution and weight proportion of individual studies; dark blue area at bottom: pooled overall effect size from the random-effects model.

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  Figure 4. Subgroup analysis of the antihypertensive effect of dynamic resistance training intervention on different baseline blood pressure levels. The peak shape in the figure represents the distribution of the combined effect size of the corresponding subgroup. The center position of the peak represents the combined effect size of the subgroup, and the width of the peak represents the degree of variation in the effect size (95% confidence interval range).

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  Figure 5. Subgroup analysis of the antihypertensive effect of interventions stratified by baseline combined medication status. The peak shape in the figure represents the distribution of the combined effect size of the corresponding subgroup, and the values marked next to the peak are the combined effect size (MD) and 95% confidence interval of the corresponding subgroup.

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  Figure 6. Bubble plot of regression analysis on the association between the average age of subjects and the antihypertensive effect of intervention. Bubbles represent included studies, with size proportional to study weight calculated by the inverse variance method. Blue bubbles/regression line: DBP; red bubbles/regression line: SBP. Solid lines: meta-regression fitted lines; translucent bands: 95% confidence intervals of regression estimates.

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  Figure 7. Scatter bubble chart of the antihypertensive effect of intervention in untreated populations under different baseline blood pressure classifications. Bubble plot of intervention effects stratified by baseline BP status. Left panel: SBP effect distribution; Right panel: DBP effect distribution. X-axis: WHO baseline BP categories (normal, high-normal, grade 1 HTN, grade 2 HTN); Y-axis: BP change MD (mmHg). Horizontal dashed line: null effect line (MD = 0); lower values indicate greater BP reduction. Bubbles: included studies; bubble size proportional to Meta-analysis weight (legend at bottom). Red solid line: fitted trend line for non-medicated populations.

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  Figure 8. Risk of bias assessment chart of cochrane included in the study. This figure is drawn based on the Cochrane RoB 2.0 risk of bias assessment tool, consisting of a traffic light chart on the left and a summary chart on the right, comprehensively displaying the risk of bias of the included studies.

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  Figure 9. Sensitivity analysis and publication bias test chart of systolic blood pressure meta-analysis. (A) Leave-one-out sensitivity analysis. Y-axis: excluded studies; X-axis: SBP MD and 95% CI of remaining studies; red horizontal line: overall pooled effect size. (B) Funnel plot for publication bias assessment. X-axis: SBP change MD; Y-axis: standard error of effect size; vertical dashed line: overall pooled effect size; solid lines: 95% CI boundaries; scatter points: included studies.

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  Figure 10. Sensitivity analysis and publication bias test chart of diastolic blood pressure meta-analysis. (A) Leave-one-out sensitivity analysis. Y-axis: excluded studies; X-axis: DBP MD and 95% CI of remaining studies; red horizontal line: overall pooled effect size. (B) Funnel plot for publication bias assessment. X-axis: DBP change MD; Y-axis: SE of effect size; vertical dashed line: overall pooled effect size; solid lines: 95% CI boundaries; scatter points: included studies.