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Additive manufacturing (AM) has become a powerful tool for fabricating composite-based acoustic metamaterials with unprecedented structural control, scalability, and design flexibility. This review critically examines recent advances in AM techniques for developing high-performance metamaterials aimed at marine acoustic cloaking. We discuss how AM enables tunable anisotropy, density, and bulk modulus, which are essential for redirecting acoustic waves, reducing scattering, and achieving broadband, omnidirectional cloaking under harsh marine conditions. Key developments in hierarchical architectures, multi-material integration, and lightweight lattice designs are analyzed alongside performance gains in sound absorption, hydrostatic pressure resistance, and stealth functionality. Despite this progress, significant challenges remain, including manufacturing precision, energy losses, and environmental durability issues such as biofouling and material degradation. The review highlights opportunities to integrate advanced computational modeling, bio-inspired design concepts, and eco-friendly feedstocks to address these limitations. By focusing on additive manufacturing, this article provides a critical perspective on the current state, challenges, and future directions of composite-based acoustic metamaterials, outlining a path toward practical, scalable solutions for underwater exploration, communication, and defense applications.
Shuchi et al. (Sat,) studied this question.