In vitro and in vivo flow dynamic studies of the Starr-Edwards mitral ball valve demonstrate that its effective orifice is smaller than the cage orifice, but it functions with negligible regurgitation and its size can be accurately predicted from angiograms.
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Overestimation of effective orifice by cage measurements warrants caution in Starr-Edwards assessment; leaves open need for validation in modern prostheses.
Kezdi et al. (1964) studied this question.
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