This paper introduces a new control method for pneumatic actuators, called "Proportional Position and Stiffness (PPS)" controller. The PPS method provides both position and stiffness control for a robot joint driven by a pneumatic cylinder with four ON-OFF valves. In addition, the proposed control system consumes much less compressed air than comparable strategies. These features make the PPS method highly suitable to application in mobile robots.
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Granosik et al. (2004) studied this question.