Depression is associated with discoordination between heart rate variability and physical acceleration in older women

Figures

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  Figure 1. An example of the lag calculation. Top figure: correlation between HFnu and PA gives a negative maximum correlation (r = −0.55, see bottom figure) without shift of PA signal, which means inverse relation of the two signal shapes at lag time (lag) = 0 min with r = 0.55. Middle figure: the two signals gave a negative correlation (r = −0.25) after +5 min‐shift of the PA signal (lag = 5). HFnu, HF/(LF + HF); HF, high‐frequency; LF, low‐frequency; PA, physical acceleration.

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  Figure 2. Relationships between %lag0 and GHQ scores in the non‐older and older groups 1 h before sleep. Values above the error bars show the number of participants. †p < 0.05 non‐older versus older participants with low GHQ scores (GHQ total: p = 0.013, d = 0.72, GHQ A: p = 0.045, d = 0.52, GHQ B: p = 0.033, d = 0.59, GHQ C: p = 0.008, d = 0.82, GHQ D: p = 0.033, d = 0.61); # p < 0.05 non‐older versus older participants with high GHQ scores (GHQ total: p = 0.031, d = 0.68, GHQ A: p = 0.001, d = 0.95, GHQ B: p = 0.028, d = 0.70, GHQ C: p = 0.009, d = 0.86, GHQ D: p = 0.032, d = 0.63); *p < 0.05, older participants with low GHQ D (depression) score versus older participants with high GHQ D scores (p = 0.034, d = 0.55). Error bars represent standard error. The vertical axis shows each %lag0 value. Open bar: low GHQ scores (total < 8, A and B < 2, C and D = 0). Closed bar: high GHQ scores (total ≥ 8, A and B ≥ 2, C and D ≥ 1). GHQ, General Health Questionnaire; HFnu, HF/(LF + HF); HF, high‐frequency; LF, low‐frequency.

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  Figure 3. Relationships between %lag0 and GHQ scores in the non‐older and older groups 1 h after sleep. Values above the error bars show the number of participants. †p < 0.05 non‐older versus older participants with low GHQ scores (GHQ total: p < 0.001, d = 1.03, GHQ A: p < 0.001, d = 1.13, GHQ B: p < 0.001, d = 1.46, GHQ C: p < 0.001, d = 1.19, GHQ D: p = 0.004, d = 0.91); # p < 0.05 non‐older versus older participants with high GHQ scores (GHQ total: p = 0.048, d = 0.42, GHQ A: p = 0.046, d = 0.52, GHQ D: p = 0.044, d = 0.50); Error bars represent standard error. The vertical axis shows each %lag0 value. Open bar: low GHQ scores (total < 8, A and B < 2, C and D = 0). Closed bar: high GHQ scores (total ≥ 8, A and B ≥ 2, C and D ≥ 1). GHQ, General Health Questionnaire; HFnu, HF/(LF + HF); HF, high‐frequency; LF, low‐frequency.