Autologous cell-derived exosomes as precision nanocarriers for enhanced targeted drug delivery and therapeutic efficacy in parental tumor cells

< 0.05). Doxorubicin-loaded autologous exosomes reduced A549 viability to 40.5 ± 2.0% at 200 µg/mL, compared to 64.5 ± 8.1% with heterologous exosomes, with similar trends for methotrexate and paclitaxel. Optimised exosome-Lipofectamine-siRNA formulations achieved 49.0 ± 7.2% ICAM-1 knockdown, outperforming controls. Both exosome types were nanosized (34.5 ± 1.0 nm and 72.1 ± 3.3 nm) and expressed CD63, CD81, ALIX, and TSG101. Proteomic analysis revealed a shared core proteome with distinct cell-specific signatures. These findings highlight the superior delivery efficiency of autologous exosomes as precision nanocarriers.