Advancements in information and communication technology (ICT) have significantly impacted crucial sectors of society, including transport, health, business, education, and communication, in both developed and developing countries. However, internet access has spread unevenly worldwide, resulting in a global digital divide. This study aims to identify the socio-economic and demographic factors contributing to the pervasive digital exclusion of the Pakistani populace. It also explores digital exclusion from a gendered perspective, considering both internet and device exclusion. Results from logistic regression analysis on data from the Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement (2019-2020) Survey reveal that education reduces digital exclusion regardless of gender. Employment and increased income also reduce digital exclusion, but these effects are more pronounced among the male population. The study recommends the conduct of digital literacy programs for both males and females and job opportunities for females in the tech sector.
Tufail et al. (Thu,) studied this question.