A process was developed to synthesize ruthenium-based chelate (RuNx) electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction, using RuCl3 and propylene diammine as the Ru and N precursors, respectively. High-temperature pyrolysis has a critical role in the formation of the catalytic Ru–N sites for oxygen reduction. The RuNx catalyst modified in the presence of nitrogen-containing organic exhibited comparable catalytic activity and selectivity for oxygen reduction to the carbon-supported Pt catalyst in acidic media. The catalyst generates less than 2% hydrogen peroxide during oxygen reduction.
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Liu et al. (2007) studied this question.
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