Renal denervation restores biomechanics of carotid arteries in a rat model of hypertension

Figures

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  Figure 1. (A) Representative axial force-pressure response at three different axial stretch ratios (in vivo ± 5%). (B) Average (n = 9) estimated in vivo stretch ratio. (C, D) Average (n = 9) axial force-pressure and pressure-outer diameter response at in vivo axial stretch ratio. (E, F) Average (n = 9) Cauchy stress-stretch behavior in the axial and circumferential directions. Control, hypertensive and denervated group are denoted as CTL, HT and RDN, respectively. Average values are presented as mean ± SEM (*p < 0.05).

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  Figure 2. (A) Comparisons of average stress in the axial and circumferential directions of the arterial wall as the pressure increases. (B) Average (n = 9) in vivo axial stretch ratio \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\lambda }_{z}$$\end{document}λz and circumferential stretch ratio \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\lambda }_{\theta }$$\end{document}λθ at MAP. (C) Average (n = 9) stress in the axial and circumferential direction at MAP. (D) Average (n = 9) circumferential tangent modulus at MAP. Control, hypertensive and denervated group are denoted as CTL, HT and RDN, respectively. Average values are presented as mean ± SEM (*p < 0.05).

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  Figure 3. Representative histology images for the control (CTL), hypertensive (HT) and denervated (RDN) groups. Movat’s Pentachrome (MOV) stains collagen fibers yellow, elastic fibers black, smooth muscle cells red, and ground substance blue.

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  Figure 4. Representative multi-photon images of adventitial collagen for the control (CTL), hypertensive (HT) and denervated (RDN) group as the pressure increases. The CCAs were first stretched to in vivo axial stretch ratio and then pressurized between 0 and 120 mmHg. Images are 425 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\times $$\end{document}× 425 μm.

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  Figure 5. Three-dimensional (3D) histograms of straightness parameter, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${P}_{S}$$\end{document}PS, as a function of pressure for the control (CTL), hypertensive (HT) and denervated (RDN) arteries in Fig. 4. The 0 μm depth corresponds to the outer surface of the adventitia.

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  Figure 6. Representative multiphoton images of adventitial collagen for an artery from the control group as a function of axial stretching. Images are 425 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\times $$\end{document}× 425 μm.

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  Figure 7. Three-dimensional (3D) histograms of straightness parameter, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${P}_{S}$$\end{document}PS as a function of axial stretching for an artery from control group in Fig. 6. The 0 μm depth corresponds to the outer surface of the adventitia.

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  Figure 8. Average (mean ± SD) straightness parameter, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${P}_{S}$$\end{document}PS, as a function of axial stretching (A) and pressure (B) for the control (CTL), hypertensive (HT) and denervated (RDN) group.

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  Figure 9. (A) Average ratio (mean ± SD) of circumferential-to-axial oriented collagen fibers as a function of axial stretch for the three experimental groups CTL, HT, and RDN. (*, †p < 0.05 for comparisons between HT vs CTL and RDN vs CTL, respectively). (B) Average ratio (mean ± SD) of circumferential-to-axial oriented collagen fibers at 60, 90 and 120 mmHg for the three experimental groups CTL, HT, and RDN (*p < 0.05).

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  Figure 10. Representative multiphoton images of elastic fibers at 90 mmHg for the control (CTL), hypertensive (HT) and denervated (RDN) experimental group at three different imaging depths representing the adventitia (left), adventitia media (A/M) interface (middle) and media (right). Images are 203 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\times $$\end{document}× 203 μm.

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  Figure 11. Representative orientation maps of the elastic fibers at 60, 90 and 120 mmHg as a function of the imaging depth for the control (CTL), hypertensive (HT) and denervated (RDN) group. Here 0° and ± 90° correspond to the axial and circumferential direction, respectively, and 0 μm depth corresponds to the outer surface of the adventitia. Scale bars represent the amount (%) of elastic fibers oriented in each direction. In all figures adventitia-media interface was visually identified and marked with a red line.

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  Figure 12. (A) Average ratio (mean ± SD) of circumferential-to-axial oriented elastic fibers in media and adventitia at 60, 90 and 120 mmHg. (B) Average ratio (mean ± SD) of circumferential-to-axial oriented elastic fibers for the three experimental groups CTL, HT, and RDN (*p < 0.05).