Complex signal identification as a marker of left atrial remodeling and very early recurrence after atrial fibrillation ablation

Figures

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  Figure 1. Representative CSI map and LAT Velocity Vector–based analysis of LA conduction. A: CSI map of the LA showing CSI-positive points (green tags) and corresponding fractionated electrograms in normal voltage areas. B: LAT Velocity Vector map showing the identification of primary conduction pathways and the corresponding earliest and latest activation sites based on LAT. For each conduction pathway, the pathway length was manually measured by drawing a design line along the identified conduction path to account for the anatomical curvature of the LA. Conduction velocity was calculated by dividing this pathway length by the difference between the earliest and latest LATs. AP = anteroposterior; CSI = complex signal identification; LA = left atrium; LAT = local activation time; RAO = right anterior oblique.

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  Figure 2. Relationship between CSI and LA conduction velocity. A: Comparison of LA conduction velocity between CSI-positive and CSI-negative groups. B: Correlation between LA conduction velocity and the total number of CSI-positive points. CSI = complex signal identification; LA = left atrium.

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  Figure 3. Very early recurrence according to CSI status. Proportion of patients with very early recurrence after atrial fibrillation ablation within the 3-month blanking period in the CSI-positive and CSI-negative groups. CSI = complex signal identification.