Key result
Caffeine ingestion enhanced stress-induced systolic blood pressure and heart rate reactions compared with control, while smoking combined additively with stress.
Why the study?
Do smoking and caffeine consumption affect blood pressure and heart rate reactions to stress in college students?
Population
Male and female college students
Comparison
Paced smoking, caffeine, or smoking plus caffeine vs Neither (control condition)
Follow-up
before, during, and after two stressful tasks
Authors
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Caffeine and smoking may amplify cardiovascular stress reactivity in students; leaves open need for confirmatory trials before practice implications.
RCT
Do smoking and caffeine consumption affect blood pressure and heart rate reactions to stress in college students?
Caffeine and smoking independently increase cardiovascular reactivity to stress in college students, but their combined effect is not synergistic.
MacDougall et al. (1988) conducted an RCT in Healthy. Cigarette smoking and caffeine vs. Control condition (neither) was evaluated on Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) reactions to stress. Caffeine ingestion enhanced stress-induced systolic blood pressure and heart rate reactions compared with control, while smoking combined additively with stress.
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