Heart Failure Decompensation with Cardiogenic Shock Exhibits Distinct Sequential Inflammatory Profiles

Figures

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  Figure 1. Comparisons between stable heart failure (Stable HF) and cardiogenic shock (CS) patients. Comparison of circulating cytokine and chemokine levels between patients with CS compared with outpatients with Stable HF. Cytokine levels were log‐transformed to normalize data distribution. Mean values were compared between groups using independent‐samples Mann–Whitney U test.

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  Figure 2. Comparisons between stable heart failure (Stable HF) and pre‐cardiogenic shock (Pre‐CS) patients. Comparison of circulating cytokine and chemokine levels between patients with Pre‐CS patients compared with outpatients with Stable HF. Only those with significant differences are shown. Cytokine levels were log‐transformed to normalize data distribution. Mean values were compared between groups using independent‐samples Mann–Whitney U test.

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  Figure 3. Comparisons between pre‐cardiogenic shock (Pre‐CS) patients and cardiogenic shock (CS) patients. Pre‐CS patients compared with CS patients admitted to the cardiac intensive care unit. Only those with significant differences are shown. Cytokine levels were log‐transformed to normalize data distribution. Mean values were compared between groups using independent‐samples Mann–Whitney U test.

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  Figure 4. Comparison between cytokine levels in patients with cardiogenic shock taken while on cardiac intensive care unit, comparing hospital survivors with non‐survivors. Only those with significant differences are shown. Cytokine levels were log‐transformed to normalize data distribution. Mean values were compared between groups using independent‐samples Mann–Whitney U test.

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  Figure 5. Comparison of cytokines, chemokines and white blood cell counts between patients with cardiogenic shock (CS) and ambulatory heart failure (Stable HF) patients. ICU, intensive care unit; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MDC, macrophage‐derived chemokine; pre‐CS, patients who were seen in the ambulatory HF clinic and went on to develop CS; TGF, transforming growth factor; TNF, tumour necrosis factor; WCC, white cell count. Created with BioRender.com.

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  Figure 6. Correlations between different cytokines. The figure demonstrates the strength of correlations between different cytokines, categorized by Th1, Th2 and Th17 responses. The hue of the line and its relative thickness represent the calculated Pearson's correlation coefficient. Only those correlations significant to P < 0.001 are included. (A) All measured cytokines. (B) Only cytokines involved in the Th1 response. (C) Cytokines involved in the Th2 response. (D) Cytokines from the Th17 response.