The free-energy changes associated with the individual steps of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, glycolysis and alcoholic fermentation and with the hydrolysis of the pyrophosphate groups of adenosinetriphosphate

Now that the main stages of the energy-producing reactions in living matter are known, investigations into biological energy transformations are likely to become increasingly concemed with the mechanisms by which the free energy of respiration and fer- mentation is converted into work. In many of such studies it is essential to possess accurate data on the free-energy changes associated with the individual steps of the energy-giving reactions and the hydro- lysis of energy-rich phosphate compounds. Reliable data for many of these reactions are still lacking. Many free-energy data which have hitherto been used, e.g.