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A technique is presented for rapid measurement of the distance to a fault using fault initiated travelling waves. The measurement uses the time it takes a given surge to travel from the relaying point to the fault and back. A correlation technique is used to recognise the surge returning from the fault and distinguish it from other surges present on the system. For a three phase transmission line, the modal components describing the incident wave are delayed and cross-correlated against the respective components reflected by the fault. Maximum output occurs when the delay corresponds to twice the fault distance.
Crossley et al. (Thu,) studied this question.