Key points are not available for this paper at this time.
An independently controlled, three-color, organic light-emitting device was constructed with a vertically stacked pixel architecture that allows for independent tuning of color, gray scale, and intensity. The 12-layer device structure consists of sequentially stacked layers of metal oxide, amorphous organic, crystalline organic, and metal thin films deposited by a combination of thermal evaporation and radio-frequency sputtering. Each of the three addressable colors is sufficiently bright for flat panel video display applications. A novel inverted structure is used for the middle device in the stack to lower the maximum drive voltage of the compound pixel.
Shen et al. (1997) studied this question.