Multimodality Imaging of the Neglected Valve: Role of Echocardiography, Cardiac Magnetic Resonance and Cardiac Computed Tomography in Pulmonary Stenosis and Regurgitation

Figures

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  Figure 1. (A–C) Assessment with transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography of the pulmonary valve in a 50-year-old female patient: (A) Parasternal short-axis view with focus on pulmonary valve and pulmonary artery; (B) Subcostal view; (C) Mid-esophageal right ventricle inflow-outflow view. (D–F) Transthoracic echocardiography assessment of pulmonary regurgitation in a 60-year-old male patient: (D) Detection of pulmonary regurgitation by color flow Doppler imaging; (E) Continuous wave Doppler of pulmonary regurgitation flow; (F) Color M-mode demonstrates holodiastolic regurgitation jet.

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  Figure 2. Assessment of Pulmonary Stenosis with Cardiac Magnetic Resonance: 2 (A,B) 40-year-old female patient with Pulmonary Stenosis. Visualization of a systolic “jet” (hypointense signal as a result of phase loss of proton spin due to turbulent flow) in pulmonary artery (arrow) with a cine-SSFP sequence. (B) Phase contrast sequence, visualization of hypointense signal at the level of luminal narrowing; 2 (C) 19-year-old male patient with pulmonary regurgitation, identification of diastolic “jet” in the right ventricle outflow tract.

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  Figure 3. Assessment of Pulmonary Stenosis with CCT in a 15-year-old male patient: (A) Axial CT image with stenosis of the common trunk of the pulmonary artery; (B) CT reconstruction of the vessel using a dedicated post-processing software; (C) Angiographic image of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) of the stenotic tract and (D) Angiographic image showing correct stent placement after PTA.