Chylomicron metabolism in rats: kinetic modeling indicates that the particles remain at endothelial sites for minutes

Chylomicrons labeled in vivo with 14C-oleic acid (primarily in triglycerides, providing a tracer for lipolysis) and 3H-retinol (primarily in ester form, providing a tracer for the core lipids) were injected into rats. Radioactivity in tissues was followed at a series of times up to 40 min and the data were analyzed by compartmental modeling. For heart-like tissues it was necessary to allow the chylomicrons to enter into a compartment where lipolysis is rapid and then transfer to a second compartment where lipolysis is slower. The particles remained in these compartments for minutes and when they returned to blood they had reduced affinity for binding in the tissue. In contrast, the data for liver could readily be fitted with a single compartment for native and lipolyzed chylomicrons in blood, and there was no need for a pathway back to blood. A composite model was built from the individual tissue models. This whole-body model could simultaneously fit all data for both fed and fasted rats and allowed estimation of fluxes and residence times in the four compartments; native and lipolyzed chylomicrons (“remnants”) in blood, and particles in the tissue compartments where lipolysis is rapid and slow, respectively. Chylomicrons labeled in vivo with 14C-oleic acid (primarily in triglycerides, providing a tracer for lipolysis) and 3H-retinol (primarily in ester form, providing a tracer for the core lipids) were injected into rats. Radioactivity in tissues was followed at a series of times up to 40 min and the data were analyzed by compartmental modeling. For heart-like tissues it was necessary to allow the chylomicrons to enter into a compartment where lipolysis is rapid and then transfer to a second compartment where lipolysis is slower. The particles remained in these compartments for minutes and when they returned to blood they had reduced affinity for binding in the tissue. In contrast, the data for liver could readily be fitted with a single compartment for native and lipolyzed chylomicrons in blood, and there was no need for a pathway back to blood. A composite model was built from the individual tissue models. This whole-body model could simultaneously fit all data for both fed and fasted rats and allowed estimation of fluxes and residence times in the four compartments; native and lipolyzed chylomicrons (“remnants”) in blood, and particles in the tissue compartments where lipolysis is rapid and slow, respectively. Dietary fat is transported from the intestine in chylomicrons (1Abumrad N.A. Davidson N.O. Role of the gut in lipid homeostasis.Physiol. Rev. 2012; 92: 1061-1085Crossref PubMed Scopus (242) Google Scholar, 2Redgrave T.G. Chylomicron metabolism.Biochem. Soc. Trans. 2004; 32: 79-82Crossref PubMed Scopus (62) Google Scholar). The metabolism of these is considered to be a two-step process (3Havel R.J. Receptor and non-receptor mediated uptake of chylomicron remnants by the liver.Atherosclerosis. 1998; 141: S1-S7Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 4Yu K.C. Cooper A.D. Postprandial lipoproteins and atherosclerosis.Front. Biosci. 2001; 6: D332-D354Crossref PubMed Google Scholar, 5Karpe F. Olivecrona T. Hamsten A. Hultin M. Chylomicron/chylomicron remnant turnover in humans: evidence for margination of chylomicrons and poor conversion of larger to smaller chylomicron remnants.J. Lipid Res. 1997; 38: 949-961Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). In the first step triglycerides (TGs) in the chylomicron particles are hydrolyzed by lipoprotein lipase (LPL) (2Redgrave T.G. Chylomicron metabolism.Biochem. Soc. Trans. 2004; 32: 79-82Crossref PubMed Scopus (62) Google Scholar, 6Hultin M. Savonen R. Olivecrona T. Chylomicron metabolism in rats: lipolysis, recirculation of triglyceride-derived fatty acids in plasma FFA, and fate of core lipids as analyzed by compartmental modelling.J. Lipid Res. 1996; 37: 1022-1036Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). This generates TG-depleted particles, chylomicron remnants, which are taken up and degraded in the liver by receptor-mediated endocytosis (7Havel R.J. Hamilton R.L. Hepatocytic lipoprotein receptors and intracellular lipoprotein catabolism.Hepatology. 1988; 8: 1689-1704Crossref PubMed Scopus (97) Google Scholar). One approach to study these processes is compartmental modeling, which allows for testing of hypotheses regarding the structure of the system and for calculations of residence times and fluxes (8Foster D.M. Developing and testing integrated multicompartment models to describe a single-input multiple-output study using the SAAM II software system.Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 1998; 445: 59-78Crossref PubMed Scopus (37) Google Scholar). In a previous study we used compartmental modeling to study the disappearance of chylomicron lipids from the circulating blood (6Hultin M. Savonen R. Olivecrona T. Chylomicron metabolism in rats: lipolysis, recirculation of triglyceride-derived fatty acids in plasma FFA, and fate of core lipids as analyzed by compartmental modelling.J. Lipid Res. 1996; 37: 1022-1036Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). The results indicated a of chylomicron plasma with the particles, and of the fatty acids from chylomicron into the compartment as plasma study was data for in blood In the study we the of chylomicrons in and the fate of the particles and This is data for in tissues at a series of times of labeled The is the of the of chylomicron particles with the the there is in particles in blood and at the is the of a chylomicron with we the residence rats from were allowed to for at in the were allowed to and and were a with at the of the they and The were and The and times of for a of rats. and for the The rats were by of and and were by the of chylomicrons were as by and Olivecrona (6Hultin M. Savonen R. Olivecrona T. Chylomicron metabolism in rats: lipolysis, recirculation of triglyceride-derived fatty acids in plasma FFA, and fate of core lipids as analyzed by compartmental modelling.J. Lipid Res. 1996; 37: 1022-1036Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). rats were and were into the and into the The was by of and The rats were allowed to the and acid was into by and then in the was from the into and for The was from blood by a min and then and and for min at in a The chylomicrons were in the to a of the the rats were into were allowed to and The rats were as and labeled chylomicrons were injected into the were taken from the and into (6Hultin M. Savonen R. Olivecrona T. Chylomicron metabolism in rats: lipolysis, recirculation of triglyceride-derived fatty acids in plasma FFA, and fate of core lipids as analyzed by compartmental modelling.J. Lipid Res. 1996; 37: 1022-1036Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). tissues were taken and the and were into the blood in the and the were One of the labeled lipids was taken into in This labeled fatty acids from A of the was into and was as The fatty was by of followed by of the of the was into and The was in were using a and in of the was for min at to tissue of the were to in and to the the was and of the was in a for of The in the tissues were for the in blood in the The blood in the were by of blood as (6Hultin M. Savonen R. Olivecrona T. Chylomicron metabolism in rats: lipolysis, recirculation of triglyceride-derived fatty acids in plasma FFA, and fate of core lipids as analyzed by compartmental modelling.J. Lipid Res. 1996; 37: 1022-1036Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). The compartmental modeling was using SAAM II The compartmental modeling was using data in and of as the was and a single data could be for a single compartments were at The were using for from the are as from the modeling are as In the of the model we a of models. the of a in the modeling process we the and for the in the system the of in and of had of the were allowed to enter compartments the of at The of was of the injected were used to for in the model and the the the in larger blood a single for core and in blood were by data using a model (6Hultin M. Savonen R. Olivecrona T. Chylomicron metabolism in rats: lipolysis, recirculation of triglyceride-derived fatty acids in plasma FFA, and fate of core lipids as analyzed by compartmental modelling.J. Lipid Res. 1996; 37: 1022-1036Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). minutes of chylomicrons to fed of the core and of the remained in blood of the core of the were in the are to in previous study (6Hultin M. Savonen R. Olivecrona T. Chylomicron metabolism in rats: lipolysis, recirculation of triglyceride-derived fatty acids in plasma FFA, and fate of core lipids as analyzed by compartmental modelling.J. Lipid Res. 1996; 37: 1022-1036Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google and with the chylomicrons as they in blood (6Hultin M. Savonen R. Olivecrona T. Chylomicron metabolism in rats: lipolysis, recirculation of triglyceride-derived fatty acids in plasma FFA, and fate of core lipids as analyzed by compartmental modelling.J. Lipid Res. 1996; 37: 1022-1036Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, T.G. of lipid metabolism of PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, of fatty acids from lipolysis of plasma triglycerides to plasma fatty acid and fatty acid PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, The metabolism of chylomicron fatty acids by and by PubMed Scopus Google and the liver up a of the lipolyzed particles (3Havel R.J. Receptor and non-receptor mediated uptake of chylomicron remnants by the liver.Atherosclerosis. 1998; 141: S1-S7Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 4Yu K.C. Cooper A.D. Postprandial lipoproteins and atherosclerosis.Front. Biosci. 2001; 6: D332-D354Crossref PubMed Google Scholar, 6Hultin M. Savonen R. Olivecrona T. Chylomicron metabolism in rats: lipolysis, recirculation of triglyceride-derived fatty acids in plasma FFA, and fate of core lipids as analyzed by compartmental modelling.J. Lipid Res. 1996; 37: 1022-1036Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). The is the data at tissues as as min The of from chylomicrons in blood in the tissues of at a series of times of labeled chylomicrons to fed fasted ester ester blood was as of The of the tissues liver and The of the tissues liver and The of the tissues liver and The of the tissues liver and The of the tissues liver and rats were allowed to and fasted rats were of for The of from chylomicrons in blood in the tissues This was the of blood in the tissues as by blood in rats (6Hultin M. Savonen R. Olivecrona T. Chylomicron metabolism in rats: lipolysis, recirculation of triglyceride-derived fatty acids in plasma FFA, and fate of core lipids as analyzed by compartmental modelling.J. Lipid Res. 1996; 37: 1022-1036Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). The data are as of injected are as as with the fed and fasted rats The blood was as of The of the tissues liver and tissue. in a rats were allowed to and fasted rats were of for The of from chylomicrons in blood in the tissues This was the of blood in the tissues as by blood in rats (6Hultin M. Savonen R. Olivecrona T. Chylomicron metabolism in rats: lipolysis, recirculation of triglyceride-derived fatty acids in plasma FFA, and fate of core lipids as analyzed by compartmental modelling.J. Lipid Res. 1996; 37: 1022-1036Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). The data are as of injected are as as with the fed and fasted rats In the liver there was of the injected core and of the at the first The of core in liver then the fed and fasted the for in liver were up to and the min at and 40 min there was in of the fasted rats. In the fat of fed chylomicron core to of the injected tissue at min and then was to core core and tissue at min and remained to the 40 core and were in the fasted in the fed rats. For at min there was of the tissue in the fed rats in the fasted rats. a at of the chylomicron fatty acids were in the tissue of fed in fasted rats. In the of core was in the and the were in fasted in fed rats. In the fasted of the injected core was in the at This to and at and min and then to at 40 The of to core was in blood at with a rapid of chylomicron in the In the tissues the of were in and there were no with In the was of in liver with a of core to min and a In the there was of the core followed by a and core This was of in of fed as as in of fasted rats. The a for core as the to to the core the we to compartmental modeling. In a previous study we the of chylomicrons from blood and recirculation of fatty acids in the plasma (6Hultin M. Savonen R. Olivecrona T. Chylomicron metabolism in rats: lipolysis, recirculation of triglyceride-derived fatty acids in plasma FFA, and fate of core lipids as analyzed by compartmental modelling.J. Lipid Res. 1996; 37: 1022-1036Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). The of the study was to binding of chylomicrons in of and of the particles to blood. was to first model tissue and then to fit whole-body chylomicron metabolism as a composite of the tissue models. In previous model lipolysis in chylomicron both of which were to be in blood and at all tissues (6Hultin M. Savonen R. Olivecrona T. Chylomicron metabolism in rats: lipolysis, recirculation of triglyceride-derived fatty acids in plasma FFA, and fate of core lipids as analyzed by compartmental modelling.J. Lipid Res. 1996; 37: 1022-1036Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). data for in and in blood be fitted to model with of In the previous labeled blood were injected with the labeled chylomicrons (6Hultin M. Savonen R. Olivecrona T. Chylomicron metabolism in rats: lipolysis, recirculation of triglyceride-derived fatty acids in plasma FFA, and fate of core lipids as analyzed by compartmental modelling.J. Lipid Res. 1996; 37: 1022-1036Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google to blood The for injected chylomicrons in the blood compartment was and as the in blood, the had The in blood in the previous study was and in fed and fasted (6Hultin M. Savonen R. Olivecrona T. Chylomicron metabolism in rats: lipolysis, recirculation of triglyceride-derived fatty acids in plasma FFA, and fate of core lipids as analyzed by compartmental modelling.J. Lipid Res. 1996; 37: 1022-1036Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). In the the were in the and In the whole-body model in the the blood compartment are to the blood for binding we allowed for of uptake of into the tissue fit for the integrated whole-body The the data with for core and and the model as results for fed rats. results for fasted rats. of for core of for for core of for of for core for and are in as in models for uptake of from plasma This be in of the recirculation of in (6Hultin M. Savonen R. Olivecrona T. Chylomicron metabolism in rats: lipolysis, recirculation of triglyceride-derived fatty acids in plasma FFA, and fate of core lipids as analyzed by compartmental modelling.J. Lipid Res. 1996; 37: 1022-1036Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, of fatty acids from lipolysis of plasma triglycerides to plasma fatty acid and fatty acid PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, The and of In Lipid Scopus Google Scholar). the of compartment to models. For we used the model from (6Hultin M. Savonen R. Olivecrona T. Chylomicron metabolism in rats: lipolysis, recirculation of triglyceride-derived fatty acids in plasma FFA, and fate of core lipids as analyzed by compartmental modelling.J. Lipid Res. 1996; 37: 1022-1036Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, M. of plasma fatty acid and metabolism in PubMed Scopus Google and the using the data for in plasma This fit was then used as a and we a of of the turnover the tissues we in the The modeling process could readily to by the for of fatty acids transfer back into blood. In the of core and and the could be with The for core and were in of fasted rats. these data were used for a first to model the data for core the lipoprotein In the model the particles in the and to blood. was fit the data to was necessary to a in binding for core in blood the chylomicron particles in were to particles of a second compartment in blood it was to fit core The step was to to simultaneously fit the data for core and in This was using the core at the first data This the chylomicrons are lipolyzed in compartment and the fatty acids are by back into blood as the in compartment the the data at a compartment where lipolysis of by of fatty acids to blood as is in the first compartment fit the a compartment for was This model for core and for the first The data for tissue core in fed rats could be fitted to a compartmental model from the model The data could a need for compartments for chylomicrons in blood for binding to tissue. there was no need for of core in all core could be to to blood with the lipolyzed chylomicron particles The for was in tissue with was core from of the fatty acids from lipolysis were in the tissue by compartments for in tissue could be a compartment for of was the for of were to as all fatty acids were in the the model returned up to the data for remained at a a This was fitted by pathway from the of and of the fatty acids into was and were in fasted in fed rats at all and the were The data could be fitted to the models as for fed rats The data for tissue could be fitted to the model as for with of the The data for core in liver a One compartment in blood and in the liver was was no need to chylomicrons and remnants and there was no need to compartments for binding and for This the liver up chylomicrons and remnants with and all of the core A pathway from compartment was of from the by by transfer back into blood. This was and for from the liver of and of the injected with and in the liver in fed and fasted respectively. The for of fatty acid by by into blood was the for of A compartment was to fit the This compartment fatty acids into and chylomicrons be lipolyzed they enter the liver (6Hultin M. Savonen R. Olivecrona T. Chylomicron metabolism in rats: lipolysis, recirculation of triglyceride-derived fatty acids in plasma FFA, and fate of core lipids as analyzed by compartmental modelling.J. Lipid Res. 1996; 37: 1022-1036Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, T.G. of lipid metabolism of PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, The metabolism of chylomicron fatty acids by and by PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, The of the of chylomicron fatty acids in to lipase by in the Lipid Res. Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, and plasma lipoprotein Rev. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). uptake of chylomicrons to the liver up remnants This fit the there was a of both core and in the liver at the The could be for by uptake of into the model the data chylomicrons and remnants enter the liver with in to the for and tissue where remnants reduced binding of chylomicron in the liver in and (7Havel R.J. Hamilton R.L. Hepatocytic lipoprotein receptors and intracellular lipoprotein catabolism.Hepatology. 1988; 8: 1689-1704Crossref PubMed Scopus (97) Google Scholar, Hamilton R.L. R.J. and of from the liver of rats lipoprotein Lipid Res. 32: Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, Chylomicron lipolysis, and a uptake in the for Biol. Med. 2004; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). the of a compartment the fatty acids for to blood as a compartment could be the model fit The for in the tissues and were and for modeling. The step was to a whole-body model blood The for and were as and the were allowed to to and for was by with native chylomicrons and of lipolyzed chylomicrons had returned from tissues the of the were as in and in were into the model to allow the chylomicron metabolism to be as the of the in and heart-like in is the tissues to could be as a of these was to simultaneously fit the data for and tissue in the fed and fasted and The process returned the for and for heart-like and for and for tissue heart-like tissue tissue tissue heart-like tissue tissue core model in was fitted to data from the in the modeling process for the of tissues and were allowed to to for the metabolism of all the injected in the as from the modeling be as to be fed and fasted in a The model in was fitted to data from the in the modeling process for the of tissues and were allowed to to for the metabolism of all the injected in the as from the modeling be as to be fed and fasted The in the whole-body the residence times for native chylomicrons in blood were in the min in fed and min in fasted rats. The fate of the native chylomicrons was to in heart-like tissues and to the as lipolyzed This process in heart-like and there was no with in the in fed and in fasted The model the particles in heart-like tissues of fasted with fed the particles returned to the min in fasted with min in fed A of the chylomicrons to the tissues in fed and in fasted was no with in the residence times in tissues the particles returned to blood min in fed and min in fasted The of the chylomicrons were taken up as by the liver was the in the in fed and in fasted they had in the these particles to the For the remnants the residence times in blood were min and min in fed and fasted respectively. The fate of the remnants was uptake in the the the particles chylomicrons tissues to four The at and 40 min of the remnants were at in the tissues and were in the circulating blood. In study we used modeling to the tissue binding and metabolism of chylomicron For we used data tissue at times of labeled A is when a chylomicron from the circulating blood the at for where chylomicron particles the circulating blood and fit the This was for of fasted rats. the particles, to a at min and then the residence for chylomicrons at binding was a there be followed by a of core in blood. chylomicrons for minutes at is in with the of as the the of labeled particles and the plasma F. Olivecrona T. Hamsten A. Hultin M. Chylomicron/chylomicron remnant turnover in humans: evidence for margination of chylomicrons and poor conversion of larger to smaller chylomicron remnants.J. Lipid Res. 1997; 38: 949-961Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 6Hultin M. Savonen R. Olivecrona T. Chylomicron metabolism in rats: lipolysis, recirculation of triglyceride-derived fatty acids in plasma FFA, and fate of core lipids as analyzed by compartmental modelling.J. 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Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, in lipoprotein lipase PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, T. A. M. R. for rapid lipoprotein lipase of Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, Olivecrona Olivecrona T. A to in lipoprotein lipase in PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). evidence for the is a for binding of chylomicrons in tissues from the study by and Chylomicron lipolysis, and a uptake in the for Biol. Med. 2004; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). the binding of chylomicrons in of and the had when to a M. lipase of and tissue and plasma in and PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). In the rats in the rats of chylomicrons were in the min the for in and tissue were were for fed with fasted and for in data be fitted by the model and the could be by in the by in the model as A was the residence of chylomicrons in the tissue was in the of A was in the fate of the fatty acids from chylomicron In the the fatty acid was from the tissue. by by to blood as be from the In tissue of fed the fatty acids were and of In the fasted the fatty acids were from the to plasma of fatty acids from lipoprotein in tissue by R. of fatty acid in tissue in the Google Scholar). fit the data for core in the we had to allow for of chylomicron particles in blood. were the injected and had a for binding in and tissue. were from the native chylomicrons and had a for binding in and tissue. This is in with the when chylomicrons were injected to rats TG-depleted chylomicron particles were and remained in the T.G. of lipid metabolism of PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, Hamilton R.L. R.J. of remnants the metabolism of lipoproteins of blood plasma and in the PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). The tissue and these particles is the liver (2Redgrave T.G. Chylomicron metabolism.Biochem. Soc. Trans. 2004; 32: 79-82Crossref PubMed Scopus (62) Google Scholar, A.D. uptake of chylomicron remnants.J. Lipid Res. 1997; 38: Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). of by the liver is a process a series of (2Redgrave T.G. Chylomicron metabolism.Biochem. Soc. Trans. 2004; 32: 79-82Crossref PubMed Scopus (62) Google Scholar, 4Yu K.C. Cooper A.D. Postprandial lipoproteins and atherosclerosis.Front. Biosci. 2001; 6: D332-D354Crossref PubMed Google Scholar, R.J. Hamilton R.L. Hepatocytic lipoprotein receptors and intracellular lipoprotein catabolism.Hepatology. 1988; 8: 1689-1704Crossref PubMed Scopus (97) Google Scholar, T. of and lipoprotein lipase compartments in Biol. 2001; Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). The particles to the of the to enter the of This a to the process R. and the liver the of the in lipoprotein and Google Scholar). the particles to the of in the receptors lipoprotein and Lipid Res. Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). processes are the to and when the when it with lipase in the The affinity for in liver remained the for chylomicron particles the with no native chylomicrons and lipolyzed was no of as be the particles had to at of lipolysis in tissues they could be taken up in the liver of fatty acids from lipolysis of plasma triglycerides to plasma fatty acid and fatty acid PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). to a in the model the fit to the is in with a model by and T.G. A model of chylomicron core lipid metabolism in rats: the of a single Lipid Res. Full Text PDF PubMed Google where chylomicron remnants had the of uptake in the liver as lipolyzed the of the of native and lipolyzed data the of all these we is the processes the chylomicrons enter the and then with no in the data of the particles in the liver to the circulating blood, in to the for and tissue. The disappearance of chylomicrons from blood fitted to single a rapid for and a for core (6Hultin M. Savonen R. Olivecrona T. Chylomicron metabolism in rats: lipolysis, recirculation of triglyceride-derived fatty acids in plasma FFA, and fate of core lipids as analyzed by compartmental modelling.J. Lipid Res. 1996; 37: 1022-1036Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, T.G. A model of chylomicron core lipid metabolism in rats: the of a single Lipid Res. Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, M. to lipoprotein Med. 2012; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). model chylomicron metabolism of by lipolysis in the blood compartment and from tissue compartments (6Hultin M. Savonen R. Olivecrona T. Chylomicron metabolism in rats: lipolysis, recirculation of triglyceride-derived fatty acids in plasma FFA, and fate of core lipids as analyzed by compartmental modelling.J. Lipid Res. 1996; 37: 1022-1036Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). The process we describe where chylomicrons and in tissues for minutes and then to the circulating blood, a The blood in the whole-body model from for single A of the chylomicrons enter the liver by a single The of native and lipolyzed chylomicrons in the in tissues is at is of particles into and from these in the whole-body these processes disappearance from single which they in previous The of native and remnants, to for lipolysis to be R. and of and intracellular PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). One be chylomicrons to with M. lipid and Lipid Res. Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, A. The of the in lipoprotein PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). A second is chylomicrons to which in for to the A is chylomicrons with R. and of and intracellular PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). using and modeling with