Temporal mindsets and self‐regulation: The motivation and implementation of self‐regulatory behaviors

Self‐regulation requires connecting desired goals (benefits sought) with means of attainment (implementation plans). Individual differences in the consideration of future consequences (CFC) can influence self‐regulation. Although a high‐ (low‐) CFC orientation has generally been considered a preoccupation with future (present) events and needs, we argue that a complete characterization also includes the ability (less ability) to construct specific action plans. With a mix of lab and field studies, we demonstrate that either general implementation recommendations or distant benefits trigger planning and motivate self‐regulation for high‐CFC individuals. Specific implementation recommendations coupled with proximate benefits help low‐CFC individuals plan and self‐regulate. In Study 1, we measure CFC and vary the temporal location of benefits and specificity of implementation recommendations to motivate exercising and show that self‐generated specific plans mediate self‐regulatory intentions. In Study 2, we assess actual self‐regulatory behaviors for participants in a walking program. This research has theoretical implications for the temporal construal and planning literatures and practical implications for increasing self‐regulation among individuals who do not consider the long‐term consequences of their current actions.