Mapping the green biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles: a bibliometric and patentometric analysis of scientific production and technological evolution

The biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has emerged as a sustainable alternative to conventional physicochemical routes, employing renewable biological sources and reducing toxic agents. This study conducts a large-scale technological and scientific prospection of green AgNP synthesis, based on 373 patent families and 12,529 scientific articles indexed up to 2025. S-curve modeling indicates that scientific production maintains active growth (K = 18,000; r = 0.30), approaching 1600 annual publications in 2025, while patent filings enter technological consolidation (K = 440; r = 0.32). In articles, plant extract-based routes predominate (73%), with diverse phenolic compounds as reducing agents, notably Azadirachta indica (9%) and Ocimum sanctum (5%). In patents, more standardizable sources prevail, such as microorganisms (22%), isolated biomolecules, and hybrid systems (17%), with emphasis on Fusarium oxysporum (9%) and Bacillus subtilis (9%). China represented the leading patent publication jurisdiction (60%; CAGR = 18.2%), while India concentrated scientific production (CAGR = 30.5%). Universities represented 59% of applicants. Synthesis parameters converge to consolidated ranges: pH 6.0-10, Ag + concentration 1-3 mM, and diameter 10-100 nm. Articles employ longer reaction times (1-24 h, 59%) with advanced techniques, whereas patents prioritize accelerated kinetics (<1 h, 57%) and integrated routes. The results evidence a field in transition, with academic experimentation paving the way for industrial consolidation.