Clocking design and analysis for a 600-MHz Alpha microprocessor

Design, analysis, and verification of the clock hierarchy on a 600 MHz Alpha microprocessor is presented. The clock hierarchy includes a gridded global clock, gridded major clocks, and many local clocks and local conditional clocks, which together improve performance and power at the cost of verification complexity. Performance is increased with a windowpane arrangement of global clock drivers for lowering skew and employing local clocks for time borrowing. Power is reduced by using major clocks and local conditional clocks. Complexity is managed by partitioning the analysis depending on the type of clock. Design and characterization of global and major clocks use both an AWEsim-based computer-aided design (CAD) tool and SPICE. Design verification of local clocks relies on SPICE along with a timing-based methodology CAD tool that includes data-dependent coupling, data-dependent gate loads, and resistance effects.