Design of Miniaturized Incident Angle-Insensitive 2.45 GHz RF-Based Energy Harvesting System for IoT Applications

Using a license-free industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) frequency band as 2.45 GHz, a miniaturized incident angle-insensitive radio frequency (RF) energy harvester design for the Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications is proposed. For incident angle insensitivity of ambient RF energy and a low-profile compact design, the proposed harvester is used to a two-layer printed circuit board (PCB) substrate, which consists of orthogonally deployed antennas with an <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$LC$ </tex-math> balun, impedance matching, and Dickson charge pump circuits at each layer. The dual-polarized antenna for miniaturized design uses a bowtie-shaped meander dipole antenna having orthogonal arrangement. By measuring the efficiency of each diode stage of the rectifier circuit, a two-stage Dickson charge pump circuit with optimal efficiency was selected, and the dc outputs of the two rectifier circuits are connected in parallel. This rectifier circuit has a conversion efficiency of up to 71.4% and harvests approximately 1.6 times more power than a single-polarized circuit from any incident ambient RF signal. Due to its compact size and improved harvesting power at various incident angles, the proposed energy harvester can act as a power source, such as many kinds of ultralow power consumption systems, such as IoT sensors and medical applications.