End-stage renal disease confers extreme cardiovascular risk, with annual incidence rates of 7% for new-onset cardiac failure, 7% for peripheral vascular disease, and 5% for ischemic heart disease.
Patients with ESRD on dialysis face extreme cardiovascular risk, with a high prevalence of overt cardiovascular disease at dialysis initiation and significant annual incidence of new cardiovascular events.
ABSTRACT Patients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) are at extreme cardiovascular risk. At least half of all patients starting dialysis therapy have overt cardiovascular disease (CVD). In addition, recent studies suggest annual incidence rates for new‐onset cardiac failure, peripheral vascular disease, ischemic heart disease (IHD), and stroke of approximately 7%, 7%, 5%, and 1%, respectively. High‐level exposure to traditional risk factors, such as smoking and dyslipidemia, hemodynamic overload factors, such as anemia and hypertension, and a myriad of metabolic factors related to uremia are all likely to play a role. There has been explosive growth in observational studies and a heartening, if less dramatic, increase in risk factor intervention trials, suggesting that risk factor modification can lead to meaningful benefit.
Robert N. Foley (2003) conducted a review in End-stage renal disease (ESRD). End-stage renal disease was evaluated. End-stage renal disease confers extreme cardiovascular risk, with annual incidence rates of 7% for new-onset cardiac failure, 7% for peripheral vascular disease, and 5% for ischemic heart disease.