Why the study?
Hypertension is rising in West Africa, but regional nutritional guidelines are not tailored to address dietary contributors.
Does high consumption of specific dietary factors (fat, red meat, junk food, salt, alcohol, fruits and vegetables) alter the risk of hypertension in West African adults?
Meta-Analysis (n=48,809)
Does high consumption of specific dietary factors (fat, red meat, junk food, salt, alcohol, fruits and vegetables) alter the risk of hypertension in West African adults?
Odds Ratio: 0.8 (95% CI 0.24–1.17)
p-value: p=<0.0001
High consumption of dietary salt, red meat, fat, junk food, and alcohol is associated with increased odds of hypertension in West Africa, whereas fruit and vegetable intake is protective, providing region-specific evidence for nutritional guidelines.
May support higher fruit/vegetable intake to lower hypertension odds in West Africa; leaves open need for RCTs to confirm causality.
Background Contrary to North America and Europe, the prevalence of hypertension is rising in West Africa. Although diet is implicated as a contributor to this trend, nutritional guidelines in West Africa are not tailored to address this concern. This study aimed to address this limitation by investigating dietary factors common to West Africa and evaluating their association with hypertension. Methods PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Medline were searched to identify studies that investigated diet and hypertension in West African adults. All meta-analyses used a generic inverse-variance random effects model, with subgroup analyses by age, BMI, and study location, and were performed in R. Results 3298 studies were identified, of which 31 (n=48,809 participants) satisfied inclusion criteria □ all cross-sectional. Meta-analyses of the association between dietary factors and hypertension included: dietary fat (OR=1.76; 95% CI:1.44,2.14; p<0.0001), red meat (OR=1.51; 95% CI: 1.04, 2.18; p = 0.03), junk-food (OR=1.41; 95% CI: 1.19, 1.67; p < 0.0001), dietary salt (OR= 1.25; 95% CI: 1.12, 1.40; p<0.0001), alcohol (OR= 1.17; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.32; p= 0.013), and ‘fruits and vegetables’ (OR=0.80; 95% CI: 0.24, 1.17; p < 0.0001). Subgroup analyses suggested that ‘fruit and vegetable’ consumption is less protective in the elderly. Conclusion High consumption of dietary salt, red meat, dietary fat, junk food, and alcohol are associated with increased odds of hypertension, whereas high fruit and vegetable appear protective. This region-specific evidence will support the development of nutritional assessment tools for clinicians, patients, and researchers aiming to reduce hypertension in West Africa.
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Batubo et al. (2023) conducted a meta-analysis in Hypertension (n=48,809). High consumption of fruits and vegetables vs. Low consumption was evaluated on Hypertension (OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.24, 1.17, p=<0.0001).
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