Monitoring of BNP cardiac biomarker with major emphasis on biosensing methods: A review

Heart failure (HF) is a prominent disease becomes a crucial cause of morbidity and mortality. It is a severe condition in which the heart is incapable to supply adequate blood to the patient's body. More than 26 million people globally exist with HF. B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a reliable and promising cardiac biomarker for HF which acts as a precursor protein that passes through intracellular modification to pro-hormones. It has been recognized as a powerful biomarker among all cardiovascular diseases, specifically for HF due to its fast release kinetics and well-defined cut-off level of 100 pg/mL. Several traditional techniques have been used for the detection of BNP such as fluorescence-based assays, micro-mosaic immunoassays and immunoradiometric assays. However, these techniques are time consuming, expensive and complicated. Therefore, these limitations have been overcome by the biosensing technology that is cost effective, portable, reliable, highly sensitive and specific. Thus, biosensors have provided an effective platform for early diagnosis of BNP. Here, this review summarizes the approaches for significant analysis of BNP with special emphasis on biosensing methods and their analytical performance includes pH range, temperature, linear range and LOD score.