Towards the Development of a Resilient and Compliant Cybersecurity Framework for E-Government: A Survey

E-government relies on interconnected digital infrastructures that are increasingly exposed to sophisticated, coordinated, and evolving cyber threats. Based on data from Scopus and Web of Science, this study presents a systematic review of cybersecurity frameworks applied to e-government systems. Cybersecurity frameworks can be broadly classified into three main categories: frameworks based on international standards (such as NIST and ISO 27001), frameworks leveraging advanced technologies such as blockchain and artificial intelligence, and hybrid frameworks that combine technology, organizational culture, and internal practices. Our study identifies common challenges across these three categories. These challenges include scalability, interoperability, regulatory complexity, and most notably, the lack of empirical validation. Compliance with international standards, adaptability to different local contexts, and acceptance by organizations are key factors that influence the adoption of these frameworks. The most balanced approach to effectively strengthening e-government cybersecurity is one that combines internationally recognized standards with both human and technological dimensions.