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June 6, 2026Integrative and Comparative Biology

Thermal variation and mean temperature independently affect breeding behavior across temporal scales in two cavity nesting birds

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Authors

WKWilliam H. KirkpatrickSDSarah E. DuRant

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Overview

Randomized trial examines how temperature impacts incubation behavior in two bird species, suggesting complex interactions with their environment.

Key Points

  • This research aims to understand how thermal variation and mean temperature influence the incubation behaviors of Eastern Bluebirds and Tree Swallows.
  • Examined nesting behaviors of Eastern Bluebirds and Tree Swallows in relation to thermal conditions.
  • Analyzed the influence of average temperature and thermal variation on incubation behaviors across different times of day.
  • Reported the impact of thermal characteristics on individual off-bout lengths and overall incubation constancy.
  • Incubation off-bout length decreased in mornings with higher average temperatures and rates of temperature change.
  • Incubation constancy increased with both higher mean temperature and thermal variation.
  • Increased daily thermal variation resulted in greater daily investment in incubating Eastern Bluebirds.

Cite This Study

Kirkpatrick et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a23ba1771a5da9775e75d4fhttps://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icag065
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Also Consider

Synapse has enriched 5 closely related papers on similar clinical questions. Consider them for comparative context:

  1. 1Ambient temperature, clutch size, and daylight are the main drivers of incubation behavior in two neotropical swallows breeding 8,000 km apart2025
  2. 2Impact of increased nest temperature on incubation behaviour and female health in Eurasian Blue Tit2026 · 1 citations
  3. 3Will a changing climate affect hatching success in cavity-nesting birds: A case study with Eastern Bluebirds (<i>Sialia sialis</i>)?2024
  4. 4Effects of Partner Workload and Increasing Environmental Temperature on Nestling Provisioning and Body Temperature in a Declining Aerial Insectivore.2026
  5. 5Divergent population trajectories despite similar response to temperature in a widespread aerial insectivore2026