Highlights the surgical implications of left inferior vena cava anatomical variations in patients, suggesting careful consideration during procedures.
The inferior vena cava (IVC), formed by the confluence of the two common iliac veins at the level of L5, is the main venous return pathway for infradiaphragmatic tissues. With an ascending retroperitoneal course in the abdomen, it is usually located to the right of the aorta.[1 2][1] Anatomical
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Palmeira et al. (2026) studied this question.
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