Multiscale Modeling and Analysis of Muscle Tissue: A Finite Element Approach for 3D Braided Composite Structures

Skeletal muscle mechanics arise from hierarchical fiber–matrix interactions spanning multiple length scales. This study presents a computationally efficient, composite-inspired multiscale finite element framework that links muscle microstructure to whole-muscle behavior through explicit periodic numerical homogenization. Muscle fibers and endomysium are resolved at the microscale, their homogenized response is propagated to fascicles embedded in the perimysium at the mesoscale, and the resulting properties are incorporated into a three-dimensional macroscale muscle model including the epimysium. Unlike phenomenological continuum models or computationally intensive chemo-electro-mechanical approaches, the proposed framework enables scalable three-dimensional simulations while preserving microstructural load-transfer mechanisms. The predicted stress–strain relationships in uniaxial tensile loading were in agreement with experimental values, with differences of about 1–3%. Passive elasticity of muscle is simulated in the present research in order to provide the computation model as a benchmark in further development into the active contraction and the viscoelastic behavior. Additionally, it provides a modeling basis for patient-specific studies under varied pathological conditions.