A comprehensive review of optimization algorithm-based energy management strategies for fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles

This paper presents a systematic review of research advancements in both powertrain configurations and optimization algorithm-based Energy Management Strategies (EMS) for Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicles (FCHEVs). Firstly, based on the types of auxiliary energy sources (power batteries, supercapacitors, and their combinations), it analyzes and compares the operating principles, topological characteristics, and performance merits and demerits of mainstream FCHEV powertrain configurations, namely FC+B, FC+SC, and FC+B+SC. Building upon this foundation, this review focuses specifically on optimization-based Energy Management Strategies (EMS). A clear algorithmic taxonomy is established, categorizing optimization strategies into global optimization algorithms and real-time optimization algorithms. The strengths and limitations of representative algorithms within each category are scrutinized in terms of optimality, real-time capability, computational burden, and practical applicability. The review indicates that while global optimization algorithms can provide theoretical benchmarks for system performance, their application is constrained by computational complexity and dependence on a priori driving cycle knowledge. Conversely, real-time optimization algorithms offer potential for online implementation but face challenges regarding guaranteed global optimality, model dependency, and parameter sensitivity. This comprehensive analysis not only synthesizes the state-of-the-art but also clearly delineates the persistent gap between theoretical optimality and practical implementability – a central challenge in the field. By mapping this landscape, the review provides a valuable reference for researchers and engineers, guiding the selection and development of EMS that align with specific application priorities, whether they be benchmark validation, real-time control, or low-cost deployment. Ultimately, this work contributes to the advancement of efficient, durable, and economically viable FCHEVs, supporting the broader transition to low-carbon transportation.