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Hybrid electric fuel cell vehicles (FCHEVs) represent a promising pathway for sustainable transportation by integrating fuel cells, batteries, and supercapacitors to power their propulsion systems. However, ensuring the efficiency and longevity of FCHEV components remains a significant challenge due to stress on batteries and fuel cells, as well as fluctuations in the DC bus voltage. This paper presents an innovative approach to enhance the effectiveness and lifespan of FCHEV storage elements through an energy management system (EMS) based on a multi-objective genetic optimization algorithm that accounts for road gradient variations. The proposed methodology dynamically allocates energy among the fuel cell, battery, and supercapacitor, optimizing three key objectives simultaneously: minimizing fluctuations in fuel cell and battery power, reducing variations in DC bus voltage, and balancing performance, efficiency, and storage system longevity. Extensive simulations demonstrate that simultaneous optimization of these three objectives yields the best results. Under the NEDC cycle, the optimized EMS resulted in a 12 % increase in fuel cell stress but a significant 73 % decrease in battery stress, along with a 39 % reduction in DC bus voltage variations. For the UDDS cycle, there was a 37 % decrease in fuel cell stress, a 69 % decrease in battery stress, and a 29 % reduction in DC bus voltage variations. During the HWFET cycle, the optimized EMS achieved an 8 % decrease in fuel cell stress, a 49 % decrease in battery stress, and an 8 % reduction in DC bus voltage variations. By incorporating road gradient considerations, the EMS aims to maintain the battery state of charge and hydrogen consumption within acceptable ranges while enhancing FCHEV efficiency under various road gradient conditions. This study advances FCHEV technology, offering insights into the design and operation of more sustainable and efficient transportation solutions.
Sayah et al. (Sat,) studied this question.