Reducing Hydrogen Consumption of Hybrid Electric Vehicles Using Differential Flatness Control and Management

The increased performance and environmental advantages of fuel cell (FC) electric vehicles (FCEVs) have great of attention. An FCEV that combines a battery, a supercapacitor, and a PEMFC is the subject of this study. The energy management strategy (EMS) aims to optimize power distribution among sources while accounting for hydrogen consumption. The primary aim is to satisfy the power requirements of the electric drive while optimizing hydrogen consumption and enhancing electrical efficiency. The suggested EMS integrates differential flatness control with an equivalent consumption minimization strategy (EEMS) utilizing the Red‑tailed hawk algorithm (RTH). Simulation testing was conducted for the New European Driving Cycle profile. The findings validate the efficiency of the suggested approach in decreasing fuel consumption and improving system efficiency. This technique yields a 17% saving in consumed hydrogen, 5.37% advance in efficacy and a 13.48% increase in performance index.