Associations of carotid atherosclerosis with cognitive function and brain health: Findings from a UK tri-ethnic cohort study (Southall and Brent Revisited)

Fig. 1a. Comparison of cognitive function by presence or absence of plaque. People with plaques (orange) and without (blue). Abbreviations: CSID – Community Screening Instrument for Dementia. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 1b. Comparison of neuroimaging biomarkers by presence or absence of plaque. People with plaques (orange) and without (blue). WM – white matter. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 1c. Comparison of cognitive function by presence or absence of stenosis >50 %. People with plaques (orange) and without (blue). Abbreviations: CSID – Community Screening Instrument for Dementia. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 1d. Comparison of neuroimaging biomarkers by presence or absence of stenosis >50 %. People with plaques (orange) and without (blue). WM – white matter. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 2. (A–C). Forest plots summarising the association between measures of carotid atherosclerosis and cognitive function measures (A) CSID, B) memory, C) executive function) after adjustment for age, sex ethnicity (model 1), and model 1 plus education, physical activity category, BMI, HTN, diabetes, total and HDL cholesterol, atrial fibrillation, smoking, existing CVD (i.e. coronary heart disease, stroke, or heart failure), alcohol consumption category, presence of chronic kidney disease and depression (model 2).

Fig. 3. (A–D). Forest plots summarising the associations between measures of carotid atherosclerosis and neuroimaging measures (A) Total brain volume, B) Hippocampal volume, C) WM lesion volume, D) Coalescence score) after adjustment for age, sex ethnicity (model 1) and model 1 plus education, physical activity category, BMI, HTN, diabetes, total and HDL cholesterol, atrial fibrillation, smoking, existing CVD (i.e. coronary heart disease, stroke, or heart failure), alcohol consumption category, presence of chronic kidney disease and depression.