Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus; investigation of its association with classical cardiovascular risk factors using cardiovascular autonomic reflex tests: a cross-sectional study

26 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (HbA1C ≥48 mmol/mol, and fasting glucose > 7.0 mmol), mean age 60.8, 38.5% female, recruited from a single center in Dudley, UK. Excluded: comorbidity incompatible with exercise, atrial fibrillation, established CVD, established CAN, neurological problems, uncontrolled hypertension, uncontrolled glucose >200 mmol/l, severe pulmonary disease.

Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy assessed using five cardiovascular autonomic reflex tests (Ewing’s score)surrogate