Research progress of 3D-printed anti-infective bone tissue engineering scaffolds based on triply periodic minimal surface structures

Bone defect repair remains a significant clinical challenge, necessitating scaffold materials that combine excellent mechanical properties, bioactivity, and anti-infective capabilities, which are central to bone tissue engineering. Triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) structures have garnered considerable attention due to their superior mechanical and biological characteristics, demonstrating great potential in the design of bone repair scaffolds. This review summarizes the latest advances in three-dimensional printed anti-infective tissue engineering scaffolds based on TPMS structures within the field of bone regeneration. It highlights the design advantages of TPMS architectures, the performance of composite materials such as polylactic acid/magnesium titanate, and the antimicrobial mechanisms of these scaffolds. Furthermore, the synergistic effects of promoting osteogenesis and combating infection are analyzed. By systematically collating current research findings, this article aims to provide a theoretical foundation and guidance for the development of next-generation multifunctional bone repair materials.