Low‐Carbon Economic Dispatch for Multi‐Region Integrated Energy Systems With Carbon Penalty and Mixed Game‐Theoretic Approach

Multi‐region integrated energy systems (IESs) represent a crucial approach for reducing carbon emissions and improving energy efficiency. However, energy interactions and interest coordination among various agents in multi‐region IESs require further in‐depth exploration. To address this gap, this paper proposes a mixed game model incorporating a carbon penalty mechanism to facilitate energy scheduling and low‐carbon optimisation for multi‐region IESs. The proposed model employs a Stackelberg game to manage energy interactions among regional energy system operators (RESOs), load aggregators, and energy storage providers within each regional IES. Additionally, a cooperative game is utilised to achieve collaborative energy and carbon scheduling among RESOs across interconnected regional IESs. Furthermore, a carbon penalty mechanism is integrated to incentivise RESOs to prioritise renewable energy resources and minimise reliance on traditional fossil fuels. Considering the privacy concerns of each agent in multi‐region IESs, this paper proposes a distributed algorithm combining quadratic programming, genetic algorithm, and the alternating direction method of multipliers to solve the multi‐agent mixed game problem in a decentralised manner. Simulation results validate that the proposed method effectively reduces both carbon emissions and energy costs for multi‐region IESs.