Cardiac Modulation by Santolina chamaecyparissus Aqueous Extract in a Rat Model of Mammary Carcinogenesis

Figures

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  Figure 1. Final body weight (BW) (a), heart relative weight (RW) (b), and creatine kinase MB (CK-MB) levels (c) assessed at the end of the experimental period in female Wistar rats from control (CTRL), N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced (IND), S. chamaecyparissus extract-supplemented (SCE), and SCE-supplemented MNU-induced (SCE+IND) groups. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 7 per group, except IND where n = 5). Different letters denote statistically significant differences among groups (p < 0.05).

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  Figure 2. Cardiac morphological parameters assessed by transthoracic echocardiography at the end of the experimental period in female Wistar rats from control (CTRL), N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced (IND), S. chamaecyparissus extract-supplemented (SCE), and SCE-supplemented MNU-induced (SCE+IND) groups: interventricular septal thickness in diastole (IVSd) (a) and systole (IVSs) (b), left ventricular mass (LV mass) (c), left ventricular posterior wall thickness in diastole (LVPWd) (d) and systole (LVPWs) (e), left atria area (LA area) (f), left ventricular internal diameter in diastole (LVIDd) (g) and systole (LVIDs) (h), aorta diameter (Aod) (i), and short-axis diameters D1 (j) and D2 (k). Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 7 per group, except IND where n = 5). Different letters denote statistically significant differences among groups (p < 0.05).

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  Figure 3. Systolic function parameters assessed by transthoracic echocardiography at the end of the experimental period in female Wistar rats from control (CTRL), N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced (IND), S. chamaecyparissus extract-supplemented (SCE), and SCE-supplemented MNU-induced (SCE+IND) groups: ejection fraction (EF) (a), fractional shortening (FS) (b), cardiac output (CO) (c), stroke volume (SV) (d), left ventricular ejection time (LVET) (e), and eccentricity index (EI) (f). Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 7 per group, except IND where n = 5). Different letters denote statistically significant differences between groups (p < 0.05).

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  Figure 4. Diastolic function parameters assessed by transthoracic echocardiography at the end of the experimental period in female Wistar rats from control (CTRL), N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced (IND), S. chamaecyparissus extract-supplemented (SCE), and SCE-supplemented MNU-induced (SCE+IND) groups: E-wave velocity (E) (a), A-wave velocity (A) (b), E/A ratio (c), left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) (d), and left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESV) (e). Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 7 per group, except IND where n = 5). Different letters denote statistically significant differences between groups (p < 0.05).

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  Figure 5. Systemic and pulmonary hemodynamic parameters assessed by transthoracic echocardiography at the end of the experimental period in female Wistar rats from control (CTRL), N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced (IND), S. chamaecyparissus extract-supplemented (SCE), and SCE-supplemented MNU-induced (SCE+IND) groups: heart rate (HR) (a), aortic velocity-time integral (Ao VTI) (b), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) (c), pulmonary artery velocity-time integral (PA VTI) (d), pulmonary artery acceleration time (PAAT) (e), and pulmonary artery diameter (PA diameter) (f). Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 7 per group, except IND where n = 5). Different letters denote statistically significant differences between groups (p < 0.05).