Comparative Sequence Analysis of Historic and Current Porcine Rotavirus C Strains and Their Pathogenesis in 3-Day-Old and 3-Week-Old Piglets

Figures

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  FIGURE 1. Mean (± SEM) daily fecal diarrhea score and mean (± SEM) PRVC diarrhea fecal shedding of porcine RVC infected Gn piglets. 3-day-old and 3-week old Gn piglets were infected with 105 RNA copy/ml of porcine PRVC Cowden, RV0104, and RV0143 and mock and piglets were examined daily for (A,B). fecal RNA shedding (RNA copy/ml) and (C,D). diarrhea and their fecal score noted as follows: 0 – normal = solid; 1- pasty; 2- semi-liquid; and 3, liquid diarrhea from PID 1-PID 9 and mean (± SEM) daily fecal diarrhea was calculated from the scores.

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  FIGURE 2. Mean (± SEM) concentrations of innate, proinflammatory, Th1, and T regulatory cytokines detected in serum of 3-day-old Gn piglets inoculated with 105 RNA copy/ml of porcine RVC Cowden (n = 5), RV0104 (n = 7), and RV0143 (n = 7) and mock (n = 4) (A. IFN-α; B. IL-22, and C. IL-17) and 3-week-old Gn piglets inoculated with 105 RNA copy/ml of porcine RVC Cowden (n = 5), RV0104 (n = 7), and RV0143 (n = 7) and mock (n = 3) (D. IFN-α; E. TGF-β and F. IL-10). Serum was collected once before and three times after PRVC inoculation (PID2, PID7, and PID10).

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  FIGURE 3. PRVC serum geometric mean IgA antibody titers. (A) 3-day-old Gn piglets were inoculated with 105 RNA copy/ml of porcine PRVC Cowden (n = 5), RV0104 (n = 7), RV0143, (n = 7) or mock (n = 4). (B) 3-week-old Gn piglets were inoculated with 105 RNA copy/ml of porcine RVC Cowden (n = 5), RV0104 (n = 7), RV0143 (n = 7) or mock (n = 3). Serum was collected 5 days pre-inoculation (-5PID) and three times post PRVC inoculation (3PID, 5PID, and 10 PID).

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  FIGURE 4. Mean (± SEM) ratios of villi height and crypts depth of duodenum, jejunum and ileum sections of PRVC inoculated gnotobiotic piglets (3-days-old and 3-week-old) at PID 3. The tissue sections were preserved in 10% buffered formalin before histopathology. The ratio of villi height and crypt depths was used to determine the villous atrophy was follows; normal (>4.0:1), mild atrophy (3.1–4.0:1), moderate atrophy (2.1–3.0:1), and marked atrophy (1.1–2.0:1). Different letters (a,b,c) represent statistical significance within the group.

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  FIGURE 5. Villous atrophy and structural changes in jejunum and ileum of PRVC (Cowden, RV0104, and RV014) inoculated piglets at PID3. Tissues were preserved in 10% formalin before Hematoxylin and eosin staining. The images were captured using the imaging microscope Olympus B × 41 with camera Olympus DP72 and Olympus CellSens software at 10×.