Antitumor potential and molecular mechanisms of Streptocaulon juventas (Lour.) Merr. phytochemicals: A systematic review

Introduction: Streptocaulon juventas (Lour.) Merr., a traditional Vietnamese medicinal plant, is a rich source of cardenolides with potent anticancer activities. This systematic review aims to evaluate the antitumor efficacy and therapeutic potential of its key bioactive constituents based on preclinical evidence. Methods: We searched six databases for studies reporting the anticancer activity of S. juventas. Risk of bias was assessed using the QUIN tool for in vitro studies and the SYRCLE tool for in vivo models. Results: Ten studies met the inclusion criteria. TXA9 and corchorusoside C exhibited notable activity against various cancer lines. In their respective assays, these compounds demonstrated notable in vitro cytotoxicity. For example, TXA9 exhibited IC50 values in the low micromolar range alongside the Taxol control in certain lung cancer cell models (A549 and NCI-H1299). These compounds work through NF-κB inhibition, apoptosis induction, and ROS-mediated DNA damage. In vivo models showed that TXA9 and its active fractions significantly suppressed tumor growth in mice, with preliminary safety signals. Conclusions: S. juventas cardenolides are promising anticancer leads. Future research should focus on nanotechnology to overcome pharmacokinetic barriers and enhance targeted delivery.