Mitigating Flowering‐Stage Heat Stress for Sustainable Wheat Production: Climate Modelling and Advanced Crop Improvement Tools

Heat stress at reproductive stage is a significant concern across wheat‐producing countries and affecting its annual production. This review is focusing on the adoption of management techniques, that is, crop and environmental modelling using advanced statistical tools to reduce the adverse effects of flowering‐stage heat stress. Further, we aim to provide insights into the morpho‐physiological and molecular impacts, tolerance mechanisms, and adaptation strategies to combat heat stress in wheat. Our work indicates that predictive models can integrate variables such as temperature, radiation, and precipitation with crop physiological responses, but require multi‐year and multilocation data. Likewise, we included the studies for marker‐trait associations, linkage diequilibrium‐based haplotypes and selective sweeps, to cope heat stress at this stage but again, the reported information require further validation through gene editing tools. Further, this comprehensive review indicates that a systematic combination of approaches, that is, modelling of climate, physiological breeding, and advanced tools can be helpful to develop heat‐resilient wheat genotype.