Spatio-Temporal Distribution and Comparative Analysis of Schistosomiasis and Soil-transmitted Helminthiasis in Plateau State, Nigeria (1990–2025)

Schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH) remain major public health concerns in Nigeria, particularly in Plateau State where environmental and socio-economic conditions favour transmission. This study assessed the spatio-temporal distribution and comparative epidemiology of schistosomiasis and STH across Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Plateau State from 1990 to 2025 using secondary data from published literature. Data were stratified into four time periods (1990–1999, 2000–2009, 2010–2019, and 2020–2025) and analysed to identify spatial patterns, temporal trends, and co-endemicity. Results showed that schistosomiasis prevalence was historically high, with values exceeding 60% in some LGAs, but declined significantly in recent years, with near elimination observed in Pankshin (0.0%). In contrast, STH prevalence remained widespread, with persistent moderate-to-high levels in several LGAs, including Jos North (38.3%), Jos South (42.6%), and Wase (49.9%). Spatial heterogeneity was evident, with rural LGAs exhibiting higher schistosomiasis prevalence due to water contact, while urban areas showed increased STH prevalence linked to poor sanitation. The findings highlight differential responses to control interventions, with schistosomiasis showing greater reduction compared to STH. Integrated control strategies combining chemotherapy, water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), and geospatial surveillance are recommended for sustainable disease control. This study will provide the first comprehensive spatiotemporal and comparative analysis of schistosomiasis and STH in Plateau State over a 35-year period, bridging a critical evidence gap for Nigeria's neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) elimination efforts. The findings will directly inform the Plateau State Ministry of Health and the Federal Ministry of Health on how to spatially target limited resources, optimize MDA frequency based on local transmission dynamics, and design integrated WASH-NTD interventions. The methodology is replicable for other NTD-endemic states in Nigeria and across sub-Saharan Africa, contributing to the WHO 2030 roadmap goals for NTD elimination.