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The review aims to synthesize evidence on how environmental factors impact neurodevelopment across critical windows.

June 12, 2026Global PediatricsOpen Access

A comprehensive narrative review of critical windows of vulnerability in brain development and environmental exposures: timing matters

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Narrative review identifies critical windows of vulnerability in neurodevelopment affected by environmental exposures.

The review aims to synthesize evidence on how environmental factors impact neurodevelopment across critical windows.
Narrative review reviewing 46 studies from Embase, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science.
Included studies were examined across epidemiology, clinical outcomes, mechanisms, and neuroimaging.
Focused on climatic stressors and pollutants affecting neurodevelopmental outcomes.
Consistent association found between climatic stressors and pollutants with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes across sensitive periods.
Neuroimaging studies revealed alterations in brain structures related to maturation and connectivity.
Vulnerability peaks from periconception to early postnatal life, with additional sensitive phases during infancy and adolescence.

Rinella et al. (2026) studied this question.

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