What question did this study set out to answer?

This study aims to determine the best channel strategies for manufacturers' trade-in services.

Retail channel, direct channel, or dual channels: which works better for manufacturers' trade-ins?

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Randomized trial examines trade-in outcomes in retail, direct, and dual-channel systems, suggesting optimal strategies.

This study aims to determine the best channel strategies for manufacturers' trade-in services.
Developed four trade-in models using a Stackelberg game framework.
Analyzed the strategic interactions between manufacturers and retailers.
Systematically compared profit outcomes across different channel structures.
Offering trade-ins through various channels increases manufacturer flexibility in managing demand.
Exclusive direct channel trade-ins do not harm retailer interests.
A dual-channel strategy is beneficial for manufacturers when the residual value is low and selling costs moderate.

Tang et al. (2026) studied this question.

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