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The article investigates how middle powers modify their defence strategies when faced with growing threats and unreliable alliances.

Middle power defence: balancing strategies in an age of great power hostility

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Comparative analysis explores how middle powers adapt defence strategies under increased threats.

The article investigates how middle powers modify their defence strategies when faced with growing threats and unreliable alliances.
Systematic comparative analysis of middle power balancing strategies in the Asia-Pacific, Latin America, and Europe.
Framework development based on neorealist and balance-of-power theories.
Focus on internal versus external balancing logics in defence strategies.
Middle powers facing direct threats prioritize internal balancing over external alliances.
Middle powers not facing immediate threats may adopt strategies like bandwagoning or hedging.
The analysis indicates a significant shift towards enhancing domestic defence capabilities.

Cho et al. (2026) studied this question.

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