Key result
Reproductive factors, such as birth control pill use for 1-5 years, were associated with higher odds of early-onset acute myocardial infarction in young women.
Why the study?
Young women with AMI often present with distinct risk profiles compared with older women and men, but the role of reproductive factors remains poorly understood.
Are reproductive factors associated with acute myocardial infarction in young women?
Case-Control
Yes
Are reproductive factors associated with acute myocardial infarction in young women?
Specific reproductive factors, notably birth control pill use for 1-5 years and female hormone use, are independently associated with early-onset acute myocardial infarction in young women.
Answers are grounded in this paper and cite their sources.
Early menarche doubles AMI odds in women; extends reproductive history as a CV risk modifier warranting earlier assessment.
Objective Young women with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) often present with distinct risk profiles compared with older women and men, but the role of reproductive factors remains poorly understood. This study examines associations of reproductive factors with AMI in young women. Methods We conducted a case-control study of 1,561 women aged 18-55 years with AMI from VIRGO and age-matched controls from NHANES. A wide range of reproductive factors were evaluated. Conditional logistic regression estimated odds ratios for AMI, sequentially adjusted for race/ethnicity, socioeconomic variables, and traditional risk factors. Stratified analyses were performed by menopausal status and AMI subtypes. Results Early menarche (<11 years; OR 2.07, 95% CI 1.56-2.73), menopause (OR 1.82, 95% CI 1.50-2.22), gestational diabetes (OR 1.65, 95% CI 1.23-2.19), birth control pills use for 1-5 years (OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.36-2.05), and ever use of female hormones (OR 1.99, 95% CI 1.62-2.46) were associated with higher odds of AMI, while first live birth at ≥30 years (OR 0.50, 95% CI 0.36-0.69), breastfeeding ≥1 month (OR 0.46, 95% CI 0.38-0.56), and current contraceptive use (OR 0.49, 95% CI 0.32-0.76) were associated with lower odds. After adjustment for traditional risk factors, birth control pills use for 1-5 years (OR 1.71, 95% CI 1.25-2.34) and female hormone use (OR 1.75, 95% CI 1.28-2.38) remained significantly associated. Associations varied by menopausal status and AMI subtypes. Conclusion Reproductive factors are associated with early-onset AMI in young women. Recognition of reproductive history may inform prevention strategies in young women.
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Dong et al. (2026) conducted a case-control in Acute Myocardial Infarction. Reproductive factors (e.g., birth control pills, female hormones) vs. Unexposed / age-matched controls was evaluated on Acute myocardial infarction (OR 1.71, 95% CI 1.25-2.34). Reproductive factors, such as birth control pill use for 1-5 years, were associated with higher odds of early-onset acute myocardial infarction in young women.
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