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This study investigates how female sex-specific risk factors relate to cardiometabolic multimorbidity (CMM) and various cardiometabolic diseases.

June 13, 2026BMC Public HealthOpen Access

Associations between female sex-specific risk factors and cardiometabolic multimorbidity: evidence from the UK Biobank cohort study

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This study investigates how female sex-specific risk factors relate to cardiometabolic multimorbidity (CMM) and various cardiometabolic diseases.
Included 248,623 women from the UK Biobank without pre-existing cardiometabolic disease
Utilized Cox proportional hazard models to analyze associations
Visualized combinations of risk factors with UpSet plots
Early menarche linked to 11% higher CMM risk (HR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.06–1.15)
Early menopause showed increased CMM risk: HR 1.80 (age < 35 years; 95% CI, 1.58–2.06)
History of stillbirths associated with increased risk (HR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.07–1.59)

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Randomized trial examines the impact of female-specific risk factors on cardiometabolic multimorbidity in women, indicating significant associations.

Mao et al. (2026) studied this question.

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Randomized trial examines the impact of female-specific risk factors on cardiometabolic multimorbidity in women, indicating significant associations.