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June 14, 2026Frontiers in PsychologyOpen Access

Visual search behavior and decision-making in expert and less-experienced football referees across different foul situations: an eye-tracking study

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Authors

ZZZilu ZhouRTRancheng TaoKHKongYun Huang

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Overview

Compares decision-making accuracy and efficiency between expert and less-experienced referees during various foul situations, indicating key differences in performance.

Key Points

  • This research aims to explore how expertise affects decision-making and visual behavior in football referees during different foul situations.
  • Compared decision-making of 15 national-level referees and 15 Class-3 referees in three foul situations.
  • Utilized eye-tracking technology to measure visual attention and reaction times while viewing video clips.
  • Analyzed data using mixed-design ANOVAs and independent-samples t-tests.
  • No significant differences in decision accuracy between groups for technical or disciplinary judgments.
  • National-level referees showed faster reaction times than Class-3 referees in ball-contesting situations (F(1,28)=6.07, p=0.020, η2p=0.18).
  • National-level referees fixated on the fouling player's upper body earlier in ball-contesting situations (t(26.02)=-2.38, p=0.024, d=0.87).

Cite This Study

Zhou et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a2e4429b1cc60ccdea8a07dhttps://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1871146
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